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What Is the Poverty Level for a Family of 4

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Minimum income deemed acceptable to live in a specific country or place

Graph of global population living on under i, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars daily (ruby) and equally a proportion of world population (blue) based on 1981–2008 World Banking concern data

Poverty Thresholds for 2013

The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line or breadline [i] is the minimum level of income accounted adequate in a particular state.[two] The poverty line is ordinarily calculated by finding the full cost of all the essential resource that an average homo adult consumes in one year.[three] The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required for accommodation, then historically, economists accept paid detail attending to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line bear on.[four] Individual factors are frequently used to account for various circumstances, such every bit whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may exist adjusted annually. In exercise, like the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly college in adult countries than in developing countries.[5] [6]

In Oct 2015, the World Bank updated the International Poverty Line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, to $1.90 per 24-hour interval[vii] (in PPP),[8] where information technology current stands (equally of 2022),[9] and too as of 2022, $3.twenty per day in PPP for lower-eye income countries, and $5.l per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries.[8] [9] Per the $1.90/day standard, the percent of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to 10% by 2015, co-ordinate to United Nations estimates, which found roughly 734 one thousand thousand people remained in absolute poverty.[x] [11]

History [edit]

The poverty threshold was first developed by Mollie Orshansky between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold equally a measure of income inadequacy by taking the cost of food plan per family of iii or four and multiplying it by a factor of 3. In 1969 the inter agency poverty level review committee adapted the threshold for only cost changes.[12]

Charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the plough of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Board.[13] Berth ready the line at 10 (50p) to 20 shillings (£1) per week, which he considered to be the minimum corporeality necessary for a family unit of 4 or five people to subsist on.[14] Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in York, and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a healthy life", which included fuel and low-cal, hire, food, vesture, and household and personal items. Based on data from leading nutritionists of the menstruum, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional remainder necessary, before people get ill or lose weight. He considered this corporeality to set up his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line.[15] This result corresponded with that from Booth'southward written report of poverty in London and and then challenged the view, unremarkably held at the time, that abject poverty was a problem detail to London and was not widespread in the rest of Britain. Rowntree distinguished between master poverty, those lacking in income and secondary poverty, those who had plenty income, but spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96).[15]

Accented poverty and the International Poverty Line [edit]

The term "accented poverty" is also sometimes used as a synonym for farthermost poverty. Absolute poverty is the absence of enough resources to secure basic life necessities.

To assist in measuring this, the Earth Bank has a daily per capita international poverty line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $one.90 a twenty-four hours equally of October 2015.[17]

The new IPL replaces the $1.25 per day figure, which used 2005 data.[xviii] In 2008, the World Banking concern came out with a effigy (revised largely due to aggrandizement) of $i.25 a mean solar day at 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP).[xix] The new figure of $1.90 is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $1.90 could buy in the Us in 2011. Most scholars concur that it better reflects today'southward reality, specially new price levels in developing countries.[20] The common IPL has in the past been roughly $1 a mean solar day.[21]

These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of Newcastle Academy. He believes the real number equally of 2015 was $7.40 per day.[22]

Using a single budgetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparison prices between countries.[ citation needed ] Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to country; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP exchange rates, the handbasket of appurtenances used to make up one's mind such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of appurtenances typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats).[23]

Basic needs [edit]

The bones needs approach is 1 of the major approaches to the measurement of accented poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the accented minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, commonly in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization'southward Globe Employment Conference in 1976.[24] [25] "Peradventure the high betoken of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic man needs as the overriding objective of national and international evolution policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. Information technology influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."[24] [25]

A traditional list of firsthand "basic needs" is nutrient (including water), shelter, and clothing.[26] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, water, and shelter, but as well sanitation, education, and health care. Different agencies apply unlike lists. Co-ordinate to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Elevation on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, absolute poverty is "a condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, condom drinking water, sanitation facilities, wellness, shelter, pedagogy, and information. It depends not only on income, but besides on access to services."[27]

David Gordon'south paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absenteeism of any ii of the following 8 basic needs:[27]

A homeless man seeks shelter under a public bench

  • Food: Body mass index must be above 16.
  • Safety drinking water: Water must not come solely from rivers and ponds, and must exist available nearby (fewer than 15 minutes' walk each style).
  • Sanitation facilities: Toilets or latrines must be accessible in or near the home.
  • Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy.
  • Shelter: Homes must have fewer than 4 people living in each room. Floors must not be made of soil, mud, or clay.
  • Educational activity: Anybody must attend school or otherwise learn to read.
  • Information: Everyone must accept admission to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at home.
  • Admission to services: This item is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of education, wellness, legal, social, and financial (credit) services.

In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the bones needs approach. Critics argued that the bones needs approach lacked scientific rigour; information technology was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economic backwardness" and for giving the impression "that poverty elimination is all too like shooting fish in a barrel".[28] Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.

In the development soapbox, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to exist an eradicable level of poverty.

Relative poverty [edit]

Relative poverty means low income relative to others in a country:[29] for example, below threescore% of the median income of people in that country.

Relative poverty measurements different accented poverty measurements take the social economic environment of the people observed into consideration. Information technology is based on the assumption that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who are living in the aforementioned economy.[29] The threshold for relative poverty is considered to be at fifty% of a country'due south median equivalised disposable income afterwards social transfers. Thus, it can vary profoundly from state to country even after adjusting for purchasing power standards (PPS).[30]

A person can be poor in a relative terms only not in absolute terms every bit the person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to enjoy the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying.[31] Relative poverty is thus a form of social exclusion that can for example bear on peoples access to decent housing, education or task opportunities.[31]

The relative poverty measure is used by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers.[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] In the European Spousal relationship, the "relative poverty measure is the nigh prominent and nigh–quoted of the Eu social inclusion indicators."[37]

"Relative poverty reflects better the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific fourth dimension and space."[38]

"In one case economic development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty trouble – from the betoken of view of both the poor individual and of the societies in which they live – is not so much the effects of poverty in whatever accented form just the effects of the dissimilarity, daily perceived, between the lives of the poor and the lives of those around them. For applied purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a trouble of relative poverty (folio 9)."[38] [39]

However, some[ who? ] have argued that as relative poverty is merely a measure of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if everyone in a land'south income doubled, it would not reduce the amount of 'relative poverty' at all.

History of the concept of relative poverty [edit]

In 1776, Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford "non merely the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, but any the custom of the land renders it indecent for creditable people, even of the everyman order, to be without."[twoscore] [41]

In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if adequate for survival, falls markedly behind that of their community."[41] [42]

In 1964, in a joint commission economic President's report in the United States, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, and then does our idea of what is substandard."[41] [43]

In 1965, Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty claiming that the definition of poverty changes with full general living standards. Those labelled equally poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965.[41] [44]

In 1967, American economist Victor Fuchs proposed that "we define as poor any family whose income is less than half the median family income."[45] This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate every bit typically computed today [46] [47]

In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to be in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and have the living conditions and civilities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they belong (page 31)."[48]

Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economical and Social Research Plant (ESRI) in Ireland explained that "poverty has to be seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question."[49]

Relative poverty measures are used equally official poverty rates by the Eu, UNICEF and the OECD. The main poverty line used in the OECD and the European union is based on "economic distance", a level of income set at sixty% of the median household income.[50]

Relative poverty compared with other standards [edit]

A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as beingness below some relative poverty threshold. For example, the statement that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised dispensable income is below 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty.[51]

The term relative poverty can also be used in a different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a standard of living or level of income that is high plenty to satisfy bones needs (like water, food, clothing, housing, and basic health care), just still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An example of this could be a person living in poor conditions or squalid housing in a high crime expanse of a adult state and struggling to pay their bills every month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person still benefits from the infrastructure of the developed country, they withal endure a less than ideal lifestyle compared to their more than affluent countrymen or even the more flush individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs.[52]

Living Income Concept [edit]

Living Income refers to the income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing characteristic betwixt a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and proficient consultations, the Living Income Customs of Practice, an open learning customs, established the formal definition of living income drawing on the work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Effectually the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income every bit:[53]

The net annual income required for a household in a particular identify to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, water, housing, instruction, healthcare, send, clothing, and other essential needs including provision for unexpected events.

Like the poverty line calculation, using a unmarried global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide.[54] Additionally, the Living Income should be adapted quarterly due to aggrandizement and other significant changes such as currency adjustments.[53] The actual income or proxy income tin be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Banking company notes that poverty and standard of living can be measured by social perception every bit well, and found that in 2015, roughly one-tertiary of the earth'south population was considered poor in relation to their particular society.[55]

The Living Income Customs of Exercise (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and observe ways to bridge this gap.[53]

A variation on the LICOP's Living Income is the Massachusetts Constitute of Technology'south Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local minimum wage to the corporeality of money needed to cover expenses beyond what is needed to merely survive beyond the United states of america.[56] The cost of living varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household.

Why poverty threshold matters [edit]

An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to find solutions to the trouble of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, too equally several private organizations and charities, to decide who needs assistance. The assistance tin can take many forms, but it is often hard to put in place any type of aid without measurements which provide data. In a rapidly evolving economic climate, poverty assessment often aids developed countries in determining the efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives knowledge of which poverty reduction strategies work and which do not,[57] helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to practice so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral concern.

Threshold limitations [edit]

Information technology is hard to take exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must be taken at face value.[58] As a upshot, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully represent the income earned illegally. In add-on, if the information were correct and authentic, it would nevertheless not mean serving as an adequate measure of the living standards, the well-existence or economic position of a given family or household. Enquiry done by Haughton and Khandker[59] finds that there is no ideal measure of well-being, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should be approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised.

As a effect, depending on the indicator of economical condition used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups have the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not just a matter of measuring things accurately, but it also necessitates fundamental social judgments, many of which have moral implications.

National poverty lines [edit]

2008 CIA World Factbook-based map showing the percentage of population by country living below that country'southward official poverty line

National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line practise vary considerably amidst nations. For instance, rich nations mostly employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even amongst rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Fifty-fifty when nations practise use the same method, some bug may remain.[60]

United Kingdom [edit]

In the United kingdom in 2006, "more than five million people – over a fifth (23 percent) of all employees – were paid less than £six.67 an hour". This value is based on a depression pay charge per unit of 60 percent of full-time median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a yr for a 35-60 minutes working week. In Apr 2006, a 35-hour week would have earned someone £nine,191 a year – earlier tax or National Insurance".[61] [62]

In 2019, the Low Pay Committee estimated that almost vii% of people employed in the UK were earning at or beneath the National Minimum Wage.[63] In 2021, the Part for National Statistics institute that three.viii% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from vii.4% in 2020 but an increase from 1.4% in 2019.[64] They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is connected to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[64] The Guardian reported in 2021 that "near 5m jobs, or i in six nationally, pay below the real living wage".[65]

India [edit]

India's official poverty level as of 2005[update] is split according to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.threescore rupees (approximately US$12) per calendar month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is defined as living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately Us$7.fifty).[66] In 2019, the Indian regime stated that vi.7% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As Bharat is one of the fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the state, with close to 44 Indians escaping farthermost poverty every minute, as per the World Poverty Clock. Republic of india lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year fourth dimension period from 2005/06 to 2015/16.[67]

Singapore [edit]

Singapore has experienced stiff economic growth over the terminal ten years and has consistently ranked amongst the world'south acme countries in terms of Gross domestic product per capita.

Inequality has nonetheless increased dramatically over the aforementioned time span, yet there is no official poverty line in the country. Given Singapore'southward loftier level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not be in the country, or that domestic poverty is non comparable to global accented poverty. Such a view persists for a selection of reasons, and since in that location is no official poverty line, there is no strong acknowledgement that information technology exists.[68]

Even so, Singapore is non considering establishing an official poverty line, with Minister for Social and Family Evolution Chan Chun Sing claiming information technology would fail to correspond the magnitude and scope of problems faced by the poor. As a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed opportunity for those living right to a higher place such a line.[69]

India

Poverty rate map of India by prevalence in 2012, among its states and wedlock territories

A comparative map of poverty in the world in 2012, at national poverty line, co-ordinate to the Earth Banking concern

The states [edit]

In the United States, the poverty thresholds are updated every year past Census Bureau. The threshold in the United States is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the United states of america, the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of U.s.$12,760, or near $35 per day. The threshold for a family grouping of iv, including ii children, was United states of america$26,200, about $72 per day.[70] According to the US Census Bureau's American Community Survey 2018 One-year Estimates, thirteen.ane% of Americans lived below the poverty line.[71]

Women and children [edit]

Women and children observe themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single female parent families.[72] The poverty charge per unit of women has increasingly exceeded that of men'due south.[73] While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty charge per unit is 13.8% which is higher up the average and men are below the overall charge per unit at eleven.1%.[74] [72] Women and children (equally unmarried mother families) find themselves equally a part of low class communities because they are 21.6% more likely to fall into poverty.[75] Nonetheless, farthermost poverty, such as homelessness, unduly affects males to a high degree.[76]

Racial minorities [edit]

A minority grouping is defined every bit "a category of people who feel relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group."[77] Minorities are traditionally separated into the following groups: African Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics.[78] Co-ordinate to the current United states Poverty statistics, Black Americans – 21%, Foreign born non-citizens – 19%, Hispanic Americans – eighteen%, and adults with a disability – 25%.[79] This does not include all minority groups, but these groups alone account for 85% of people nether the poverty line in the U.s..[80] Whites have a poverty rate of viii.7%; the poverty rate is more than double for Black and Hispanic Americans.[81]

Impacts on education [edit]

Living below the poverty threshold tin have a major impact on a child'southward pedagogy.[82] The psychological stresses induced past poverty may affect a pupil'due south power to perform well academically.[82] In addition, the take a chance of poor health is more prevalent for those living in poverty.[82] Health problems commonly affect the extent to which one can proceed and fully take advantage of his or her education.[82] Poor students in the U.s. are more likely to dropout of schoolhouse at some bespeak in their education.[82] Research has too constitute that children living in poverty perform poorly academically and have lower graduation rates.[82] Impoverished children too feel more disciplinary issues in school than others.[82]

Schools in impoverished communities usually exercise not receive much funding, which can as well set their students apart from those living in more affluent neighborhoods.[82] There is much dispute over whether upwards mobility that brings a kid out of poverty may or may non have a significant positive bear upon on his or her education; inadequate bookish habits that course as early as preschool typically are unknown to ameliorate despite changes in socioeconomic status.[82]

Impacts on healthcare [edit]

The nation's poverty threshold is issued by the Census Agency.[83] According to the Office of Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation the threshold is statistically relevant and can exist a solid predictor of people in poverty.[83] The reasoning for using Federal Poverty Level (FPL) is due to its action for distributive purposes under the management of Health and Homo Services. So FPL is a tool derived from the threshold but can be used to prove eligibility for sure federal programs.[83] Federal poverty levels take directly furnishings on individuals' healthcare. In the past years and into the present authorities, the use of the poverty threshold has consequences for such programs like Medicaid and the Children'southward Health Insurance Program.[84] The benefits which unlike families are eligible for are contingent on FPL. The FPL, in turn, is calculated based on federal numbers from the previous yr.[84]

The benefits and qualifications for federal programs are dependent on number of people on a plan and the income of the total group.[84] For 2019, the U.S Department of health & Man Services enumerate what the line is for different families. For a single person, the line is $12,490 and up to $43,430 for a family unit of viii, in the lower 48 states.[83] Another issue is reduced-cost coverage. These reductions are based on income relative to FPL, and work in connection with public health services such as Medicaid.[85] The divisions of FPL percentages are nominally, above 400%, below 138% and below 100% of the FPL.[85] Afterwards the advent of the American Care Act, Medicaid was expanded on states bases.[85] For example, enrolling in the ACA kept the benefits of Medicaid when the income was up to 138% of the FPL.[85]

Section of Wellness & Human Services Seal

Poverty mobility and healthcare [edit]

Health Affairs forth with analysis by Georgetown found that public assistance does counteract poverty threats between 2010 and 2015.[86] In regards to Medicaid, kid poverty is decreased by 5.three%, and Hispanic and Black poverty by 6.1% and four.9% respectively.[86] The reduction of family poverty likewise has the highest subtract with Medicaid over other public assistance programs.[86] Expanding state Medicaid decreased the amount individuals paid by an boilerplate of $42, while it increased the costs to $326 for people non in expanded states. The same study analyzed showed 2.6 1000000 people were kept out of poverty past the furnishings of Medicaid.[86] From a 2013–2015 study, expansion states showed a smaller gap in health insurance between households making below $25,000 and above $75,000.[87] Expansion likewise significantly reduced the gap of having a principal intendance doctor between impoverished and higher income individuals.[87] In terms of didactics level and employment, health insurance differences were likewise reduced.[87] Non-expansion too showed poor residents went from a 22% chance of being uninsured to 66% from 2013 to 2015.[87]

Poverty dynamics [edit]

Living above or below the poverty threshold is not necessarily a position in which an individual remains static.[88] As many equally one in three impoverished people were not poor at birth; rather, they descended into poverty over the course of their life.[82] Additionally, a study which analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) establish that nearly 40% of xx-year-olds received food stamps at some point before they turned 65.[89] This indicates that many Americans volition dip below the poverty line one-time during machismo, but will not necessarily remain there for the rest of their life.[89] Furthermore, 44% of individuals who are given transfer benefits (other than Social Security) in one year do not receive them the next.[88] Over ninety% of Americans who receive transfers from the government terminate receiving them within 10 years, indicating that the population living beneath the poverty threshold is in flux and does not remain constant.[88]

Cutoff issues [edit]

Near experts and the public agree that the official poverty line in the United States is substantially lower than the bodily cost of basic needs. In particular, a 2017 Urban Found written report plant that 61% of non-elderly adults earning betwixt 100 and 200% of the poverty line reported at least one material hardship, not significantly dissimilar from those below the poverty line. The cause of the discrepancy is believed to be an outdated model of spending patterns based on bodily spending in the year 1955; the number and proportion of material needs has risen substantially since then.

Variability [edit]

The US Demography Agency calculates the poverty line the aforementioned throughout the United states of america regardless of the cost-of-living in a state or urban expanse. For instance, the price-of-living in California, the near populous country, was 42% greater than the Us average in 2010, while the price-of-living in Texas, the second-most populous state, was ten% less than the The states average.[ citation needed ] In 2017, California had the highest poverty rate in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Agency known equally "the supplemental poverty measure out".[90]

Government transfers to alleviate poverty [edit]

In improver to wage and salary income, investment income and government transfers such as SNAP (Supplemental Diet Assistance Programme, also known every bit food stamps) and housing subsidies are included in a household's income. Studies measuring the differences between income earlier and subsequently taxes and government transfers, have found that without social back up programs, poverty would be roughly 30% to 40% higher than the official poverty line indicates.[91] [92]

See also [edit]

  • Asset poverty
  • Income deficit
  • List of countries by per centum of population living in poverty
  • Living wage
  • Measuring poverty
  • Poor person
  • Un Millennium Development Goals
  • Sustainable Development Goal one

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Further reading [edit]

  • Shweparde, Jon; Robert W. Greene (2003). Sociology and You. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Colina. p. A-22. ISBN978-0-07-828576-nine. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
  • Alan Gillie, "The Origin of the Poverty Line", Economic History Review, XLIX/4 (1996), 726
  • Villemez, Wayne J. (2001). "Poverty". Encyclopedia of Sociology (PDF). New York: Gale Virtual Reference Library.
  • Critiquing the Dollar-a-Mean solar day Thought of Poverty, Harald Eustachius Tomintz, 27 January 2021, Mises Institute

External links [edit]

  • The History of the Official Poverty Measure out, United States Bureau of the Census
  • Fisher, Gordon (16 December 2005). "Relative or Absolute – New Light on the Beliefs of Poverty Lines Over Time". Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved 16 Jan 2008.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold

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